How Does a Roth IRA Work?
Mike Nekoorad • October 7, 2025

Planning for retirement can feel overwhelming, but understanding your options is the first step toward financial security. One of the most powerful retirement savings tools available is the Roth IRA. If you've heard about Roth IRAs but aren't quite sure how they work or whether one is right for you, this guide will help you understand the basics.

What Is a Roth IRA?

A Roth IRA (Individual Retirement Account) is a type of retirement savings account that allows your money to grow tax-free. Unlike traditional IRAs, you contribute to a Roth IRA with after-tax dollars, which means you've already paid taxes on the money you deposit. The major benefit comes later: when you retire and start taking withdrawals, that money comes out completely tax-free, including any investment growth you've accumulated over the years so long as the withdrawals meet IRS rules.

How Does a Roth IRA Work?

The mechanics of a Roth IRA are straightforward. You open an account, contribute money from your income (up to annual limits), and invest those funds in various options like stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or ETFs. Your investments have the potential to grow over time, and because you paid taxes upfront, qualified withdrawals in retirement are tax-free.

Key Features of Roth IRAs

Tax-Free Growth: Once your money is in a Roth IRA, it grows tax-free. You won't pay taxes on dividends, interest, or capital gains as long as the money stays in the account.

Tax-Free Withdrawals: After age 59½ and provided your account has been open for at least five years, you can withdraw both contributions and earnings without paying any federal income tax.

Flexibility with Contributions: Unlike traditional IRAs, you can withdraw your contributions (but not earnings) at any time without penalties or taxes, since you've already paid taxes on that money.

No Required Minimum Distributions: Roth IRAs don't require you to take withdrawals at any age during your lifetime, allowing your money to continue growing tax-free for as long as you want.

Roth IRA Contribution Limits

The IRS sets annual contribution limits for Roth IRAs. For 2025, you can contribute up to $7,000 per year if you're under 50, or $8,000 if you're 50 or older (the extra $1,000 is called a catch-up contribution). These limits may change annually, so it's important to stay informed about current contribution rules.

It's worth noting that these limits apply to your total IRA contributions. If you contribute to both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA, your combined contributions cannot exceed the annual limit.

Income Limits for Roth IRAs

Not everyone can contribute to a Roth IRA. The IRS imposes income limits that determine eligibility. For 2025, single filers with a modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) above $165,000 cannot contribute to a Roth IRA, while married couples filing jointly face a limit of $246,000. If your income falls within the phase-out range, you may be eligible for a reduced contribution.

If you earn too much to contribute directly to a Roth IRA, you might consider a "backdoor Roth IRA" strategy, where you contribute to a traditional IRA and then convert it to a Roth IRA. This approach has specific tax implications, so it's wise to consult with a financial advisor or tax professional before proceeding.

Roth IRA Withdrawal Rules

Understanding withdrawal rules is crucial to maximizing the benefits of a Roth IRA.

Contributions: You can withdraw your contributions at any time, for any reason, without taxes or penalties. This flexibility makes Roth IRAs unique among retirement accounts.

Earnings: To withdraw earnings tax-free and penalty-free, you must meet two conditions: you must be at least 59½ years old, and your Roth IRA must have been open for at least five years. This is known as the "five-year rule."

Early Withdrawals: If you withdraw earnings before meeting these conditions, you'll typically owe income taxes and a 10% early withdrawal penalty. However, there are exceptions for certain situations, such as first-time home purchases (up to $10,000), qualified education expenses, or disability.

Benefits of a Roth IRA

Tax Diversification: Having tax-free income in retirement provides flexibility in managing your tax burden, especially when combined with other retirement accounts like 401(k)s or traditional IRAs.

Estate Planning Advantages: Roth IRAs can be passed to beneficiaries, who may be able to inherit the account tax-free. This can make Roth IRAs an excellent estate planning tool.

Flexibility: The ability to withdraw contributions without penalties can provide a safety net for emergencies, though it's generally best to leave retirement funds untouched.

No Age Limit for Contributions: As long as you have earned income and meet the income requirements, you can contribute to a Roth IRA at any age, even past traditional retirement age.

Is a Roth IRA Right for You?

A Roth IRA can be an excellent choice if you expect to be in a higher tax bracket in retirement than you are now, or if you value the flexibility and tax-free growth that Roth accounts provide. They may be particularly beneficial for younger workers, providing the opportunity for their investments to grow tax-free over decades. 

However, if you're in a high tax bracket now and expect to be in a lower one in retirement, a traditional IRA might be more advantageous since it provides an immediate tax deduction.

Getting Started with a Roth IRA

Opening a Roth IRA is simple. You can set up an account through a bank, brokerage firm, or robo-advisor. When choosing where to open your account, consider factors like investment options, fees, customer service, and ease of use.

Once your account is open, you'll need to choose your investments. Many people opt for low-cost index funds or target-date funds that automatically adjust your asset allocation as you approach retirement. If you're unsure about investment choices, working with a financial advisor can help you create a strategy aligned with your goals and risk tolerance. Asset allocation is a method used to help manage investment risk; it does not guarantee a profit or protect against investment loss.

 

Roth IRA vs. Traditional IRA

The main difference between Roth and traditional IRAs comes down to when you pay taxes. With a traditional IRA, you get a tax deduction now but pay taxes on withdrawals in retirement. With a Roth IRA, you pay taxes now but enjoy tax-free qualified withdrawals later. Your choice depends on your current tax situation, expected future tax bracket, and personal financial goals.

Maximize Your Retirement Savings

A Roth IRA is just one piece of a comprehensive retirement strategy. To maximize your retirement savings, consider contributing to employer-sponsored retirement plans like 401(k)s, especially if your employer offers matching contributions. Diversifying across different account types can provide tax flexibility and help you optimize your retirement income.

Take the Next Step

Understanding how a Roth IRA works is an important step in building your retirement plan, but every financial situation is unique. At Colorado Financial Advisors, we've been helping clients navigate retirement planning since 1990. Whether you're just starting to save or fine-tuning your strategy as retirement approaches, our experienced financial advisors can help you determine if a Roth IRA fits into your overall financial plan.

Ready to take control of your retirement future? Contact Colorado Financial Advisors today to schedule a consultation and discover how we can help you work toward achieving your financial goals.

By Mike Nekoorad October 22, 2025
When it comes to managing your finances and planning for the future, you've probably encountered terms like "financial advisor" and "wealth manager." While these titles are sometimes used interchangeably, they actually represent different approaches to financial services. Understanding the distinction can help you choose the right professional for your specific needs and financial situation. If you're wondering whether you need a financial advisor or a wealth manager (or if there's really a difference at all), this guide will help clarify the roles, services, and expertise each professional brings to the table. What Does a Financial Advisor Do? A financial advisor is a broad term that encompasses professionals who provide guidance on various aspects of personal finance. Financial advisors help individuals and families make informed decisions about their money, offering services that can range from basic budgeting advice to comprehensive financial planning. Common Financial Advisor Services: Retirement Planning: Helping you determine how much you need to save, which retirement accounts to use, and developing strategies to help ensure you can maintain your desired lifestyle in retirement. Investment Management: Recommending and managing investment portfolios aligned with your risk tolerance, time horizon, and financial goals. Insurance Planning: Evaluating your life insurance, disability insurance, and long-term care insurance needs to help protect your family and assets. Debt Management: Providing strategies to pay down debt efficiently while still working toward your other financial goals. Education Planning: Helping families save for college expenses through 529 plans and other education savings vehicles. Basic Estate Planning Guidance: Ensuring you have essential documents in place and coordinating with estate planning attorneys when needed. Financial advisors typically work with clients across various income levels and asset ranges. Whether you're just starting your career, raising a family, or approaching retirement, a financial advisor can help you create a roadmap for your financial future. What Does a Wealth Manager Do? A wealth manager is a type of financial advisor who provides comprehensive, holistic financial services, typically for high-net-worth individuals and families. Wealth management goes beyond basic financial planning to encompass a wide range of sophisticated financial services delivered in a coordinated manner. Comprehensive Wealth Management Services: Advanced Investment Management: Managing complex investment portfolios that may include alternative investments, private equity, hedge funds, and international holdings. Tax Planning and Optimization: Developing sophisticated tax strategies to potentially minimize tax liability across multiple income sources, coordinating with CPAs and tax attorneys. Estate Planning and Wealth Transfer: Creating comprehensive strategies for transferring wealth to future generations while potentially minimizing estate taxes and ensuring your legacy wishes are fulfilled. Charitable Giving Strategies: Structuring philanthropic goals through donor-advised funds, charitable trusts, and foundations to help maximize tax benefits and impact. Business Succession Planning: For business owners, developing strategies for transitioning or selling businesses while helping to optimize tax consequences. Risk Management: Comprehensive insurance analysis including life, disability, liability, and specialty coverage for high-value assets. Multi-Generational Planning: Coordinating financial strategies across family generations, including trust administration and family governance. Concierge Financial Services: Coordinating with attorneys, accountants, and other professionals to provide seamless financial management. Wealth managers typically require higher minimum asset levels, often starting at $1 million or more in investable assets, though this varies by firm. The comprehensive nature of wealth management services reflects the complexity of high-net-worth financial situations. Key Differences Between Financial Advisors and Wealth Managers While there's significant overlap between these roles, several key distinctions set them apart: Scope of Services Financial advisors often focus on specific aspects of your financial life (retirement planning, investment management, or insurance needs). Wealth managers provide a more comprehensive approach, coordinating all aspects of your financial life under one roof. Client Base Financial advisors typically work with clients across a wide range of income and asset levels, from young professionals just starting out to established families. Wealth managers generally focus on high-net-worth clients with complex financial situations requiring sophisticated planning strategies. Complexity of Solutions Financial advisors provide solutions appropriate for most investors' needs, including retirement accounts, mutual funds, and standard insurance products. Wealth managers often incorporate more complex strategies like tax-loss harvesting, concentrated stock positions, alternative investments, and multi-generational wealth transfer planning. Team Approach Financial advisors may work independently or as part of a small team. Wealth managers typically coordinate a team of specialists (including tax professionals, estate planning attorneys, and insurance experts) to address every aspect of your financial life. Minimum Asset Requirements Financial advisors often have no minimum or relatively low minimums, making their services accessible to most people. Wealth managers typically require substantial minimum assets, reflecting the comprehensive nature of their services. Fee Structures Both may charge fees based on assets under management, but wealth managers' fees often reflect the broader scope of services provided. Some financial advisors also work on commission or fee-only models for specific services. Which One Do You Need? The right choice depends on your financial situation, complexity of needs, and personal preferences. Consider a Financial Advisor If: You're building wealth and need guidance on retirement planning, investing, and insurance You want help creating a comprehensive financial plan but don't have highly complex needs You're looking for ongoing investment management and periodic financial planning reviews You value a long-term relationship with a professional who understands your goals You prefer a fee-based approach that aligns your advisor's interests with yours Consider a Wealth Manager If: You have substantial assets (typically $1 million or more) requiring sophisticated management Your financial situation is complex, involving multiple income sources, business interests, or estate planning needs You need coordination between various financial professionals (attorneys, accountants, insurance specialists) You're focused on multi-generational wealth transfer and legacy planning You want a comprehensive, hands-off approach where one team manages all aspects of your financial life You have specific needs like business succession planning or concentrated stock positions The Colorado Financial Advisors Approach At Colorado Financial Advisors, we've been making financial complexity simple for our clients since 1990. Our approach combines the accessibility and personal service of financial advising with the comprehensive strategies often associated with wealth management. We believe in building strong relationships with our clients, taking the time to understand your unique situation and goals before developing personalized strategies. Whether you're an individual focused on budgeting and savings, a family planning for your children's education, or an entrepreneur navigating business finances, we provide independent ideas and sound advice tailored to your needs. Our services include: Comprehensive financial planning Retirement planning to help you work toward making work optional Fee-based investment management that aligns our interests with yours Life insurance services to help protect what matters most Ongoing support as your life and goals evolve We work with clients at various stages of their financial journey, providing the level of service and experience appropriate for your situation. Our goal is to help you achieve independent wealth through detailed planning and a commitment to your long-term success. The Bottom Line The distinction between a financial advisor and a wealth manager isn't always clear-cut, and many professionals offer services that bridge both categories. What matters most is finding a professional who understands your needs, has the experience to help you achieve your goals, and operates with transparency and integrity. Rather than focusing solely on titles, consider: The scope of services offered and whether they match your needs The professional's experience and qualifications Their approach to client relationships and communication Fee structure and transparency Whether they operate as a fiduciary, putting your interests first The chemistry and trust you feel with the advisor Whether you need a financial advisor or a wealth manager, the most important step is getting started. Professional financial guidance can help you make better decisions, avoid costly mistakes, and work toward the financial future you envision. Take the Next Step At Colorado Financial Advisors, we understand that every financial situation is unique. Since 1990, we've helped Colorado families and individuals navigate their financial decisions with detailed planning, independent advice, and a commitment to long-term relationships. Ready to discuss your financial needs? Contact Colorado Financial Advisors today to schedule a consultation. We'll take the time to understand your situation, answer your questions, and help you determine the best path forward for achieving your financial goals. Your financial future is important, and having the right professional guidance can make all the difference.
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